ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the economic burden caused by hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Xi’an, in order to provide scientific basis for government departments to allocate health resources rationally.@*Methods@#New cases of HFMD were selected randomly from designated hospitals in city and district level in Xi’an, 2018, Direct and indirect economic costs of patients caused by HFMD were collected using a questionnaire survey, hospital charging system inquiry as well as follow-up survey. Factors affecting the economic burden of HFMD were analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 438 mild as well as 60 severe cases were surveyed, with the overall medical insurance participation rate of 89.76%(447/498). The median of per capita direct economic burden of mild and severe cases were 635 and 7 972 yuan respectively, and the median of per capita indirect economic burden of mild and severe cases were 130 and 233 yuan respectively, in Xi’an. The overall economic burden attributable to HFMD was 23.1 million yuan in Xi’an 2018, in which the direct economic burden was 19.3 million yuan, indirect economic burden was 3.8 million yuan. Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that the approach of diagnosis, type of cases, days of treatment and type of pathogen had significant influence on the economic burden of HFMD(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The economic burden of HFMD was heavy in Xi’an. Controling and reducing the incidence rate, as well as increasing the medical insurance coverage and reimbursement rate would lighten the economic burden caused by HFMD effectively.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: The cardiac hypertrophy (CH) model for mice has been widely used, thereby providing an effective research foundation for CH exploration. Objective: To research the effects of CH modeling under abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) using different needles and weights in mice. Methods: Four needles with different external diameters (0.35, 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50 mm) were used for AAC. 150 male C57BL/6 mice were selected according to body weight (BW) and divided into 3 weight levels: 18 g, 22 g, and 26 g (n = 50 in each group). All weight levels were divided into 5 groups: a sham group (n = 10) and 4 AAC groups using 4 ligation intensities (n = 10 per group). After surgery, survival rates were recorded, echocardiography was performed, hearts were dissected and used for histological detection, and data were statistically analyzed, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: All mice died in the following AAC groups: 18g/0.35 mm, 22 g/0.35 mm, 26 g/0.35 mm, 22 g/0.40 mm, and 26 g/0.40 mm. All mice with AAC, those ligated with a 0.50-mm needle, and those that underwent sham operation survived. Different death rates occurred in the following AAC groups: 18 g/0.40 mm, 18 g/0.45 mm, 18 g/0.50 mm, 22 g/45 mm, 22 g/0.50 mm, 26 g/0.45 mm, and 26 g/0.50 mm. The heart weight/body weight ratios (5.39 ± 0.85, 6.41 ± 0.68, 4.67 ± 0.37, 5.22 ± 0.42, 4.23 ± 0.28, 5.41 ± 0.14, and 4.02 ± 0.13) were significantly increased compared with those of the sham groups for mice with the same weight levels. Conclusion: A 0.45-mm needle led to more obvious CH than did 0.40-mm and 0.50-mm needles and caused extraordinary CH in 18-g mice.
Resumo Fundamentos: O modelo de hipertrofia cardíaca (HC) para ratos foi amplamente utilizado, proporcionando assim uma base de pesquisa efetiva para a exploração de HC. Objetivo: pesquisar os efeitos do modelamento de HC sob constrição da aorta abdominal (CAA) usando diferentes agulhas e pesos em ratos. Métodos: foram utilizadas quatro agulhas com diâmetros externos diferentes (0,35, 0,40, 0,45 e 0,50 mm) para CAA. Foram selecionados 150 ratos C57BL / 6 machos de acordo com o peso corporal (PC) e divididos em 3 níveis de peso: 18 g, 22 g e 26g (n = 50 em cada grupo). Todos os níveis de peso foram divididos em 5 grupos: um grupo sham (n = 10) e 4 grupos CAA usando 4 intensidades de ligadura (n = 10 por grupo). Após a cirurgia, foram registradas as taxas de sobrevivência, foi realizada ecocardiografia, os corações foram dissecados e utilizados para detecção histológica, e os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados: Todos os ratos morreram nos seguintes grupos de CAA: 18 g/0,35 mm, 22 g/0,35 mm, 26 g/0,35 mm, 22 g/0,40 mm e 26 g/0,40 mm. Todos os ratos com CAA, aqueles ligados com uma agulha de 0,50 mm, e aqueles que sofreram operação sham sobreviveram. Ocorreram diferentes taxas de mortalidade nos seguintes grupos de CAA: 18 g/0,40 mm, 18 g/0,45 mm, 18 g/0,50 mm, 22 g/45 mm, 22 g/0,50 mm, 26 g/0,45 mm e 26 g/0,50 mm. As proporções de peso do coração/peso corporal (5,39 ± 0,85, 6,41 ± 0,68, 4,67 ± 0,37, 5,22 ± 0,42, 4,23 ± 0,28, 5,41 ± 0,14 e 4,02 ± 0,13) aumentaram significativamente em comparação com os grupos sham para ratos com os mesmos níveis de peso. Conclusão: uma agulha de 0,45mm levou a HC mais óbvia do que as agulhas de 0,40 mm e 0,50mm e causou HC extraordinária em ratos de 18 g.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Aorta, Abdominal , Body Weight , Cardiomegaly/etiology , Disease Models, Animal , Needles/standards , Reference Values , Time Factors , Echocardiography , Random Allocation , Reproducibility of Results , Cardiomegaly/pathology , Constriction , Ligation/instrumentation , Mice, Inbred C57BLABSTRACT
Descending nociceptive modulation from the supraspinal structures plays an important role in cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP).Rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is a critical component of descending nociceptive facilitation circuitry,but so far the mechanisms are poorly known.In this study,we investigated the role of RVM glial activation in the descending nociceptive facilitation circuitry in a CIBP rat model.CIBP rats showed significant activation of microglia and astrocytes,and also up-regulation of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and pro-inflammatory mediators released by glial cells (IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-a and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) in the RVM.Stereotaxic microinjection of the glial inhibitors (minocycline and fluorocitrate) into CIBP rats' RVM could reverse the glial activation and significantly attenuate mechanical allodynia in a time-dependent manner.RVM microinjection of p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) abolished the activation of microglia,reversed the associated up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia.Taken together,these results suggest that RVM glial activation is involved in the pathogenesis of CIBP.RVM microglial p38 MAPK signaling pathway is activated and leads to the release of downstream pro-inflammatory mediators,which contribute to the descending facilitation of CIBP.